HRC54: Technology’s Impact on Enforced Disappearances with a Focus on Uruguay and Honduras
The 54th Session of the Human Rights Council
11th September – 13th October 2023
Interactive Dialogue with the Working Group on Enforced Disappearances
19th September 2023
By Trisha Gopal / GICJ
Executive Summary
The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, established in 1980, plays a crucial role as an intermediary between families in search of disappeared members, governments, and relevant stakeholders. Comprising five independent experts, the group addresses cases of enforced disappearance, undertakes country visits, and conducts thematic studies to prevent and address this grave human rights violation. The current composition includes experts from Mexico, Poland, Italy, Thailand, and Guinea-Bissau, led by Chairperson Ms. Aua Balde. The mandate of the Working Group was recently extended by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 45/3.
The latest report (A/HRC/54/22) covers the period from May 13, 2022, to May 12, 2023, outlining 60,703 cases in 112 states since 1980. During the reporting period, 80 cases were clarified, and the Group expanded its scope to address non-state actors. The thematic study explores the interplay between new technologies and enforced disappearances.
Various activities, including sessions and engagements with governments, organizations, and regional forums, were conducted. The Group's efforts included joint statements, revisions of methods, and participation in events addressing enforced disappearances. Thematic studies focused on new technologies and enforced disappearance, their impact, and subsequent challenges and opportunities were also produced. Recommendations from the Working Group emphasised ethical development and responsible use. Concerns persist regarding non-cooperation from certain countries. Positive developments include countries ratifying the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. Another study on enforced disappearances and elections is expected to be published in the near future.
The interactive dialogue session, led by Ms. Aua Balde, highlighted the historic, all-women composition of the Working Group. The Annual Report discussed 1,103 new cases, focusing on the Ukraine situation. Ms. Balde emphasized the evolving nature of enforced disappearances and the Group's commitment to addressing challenges and opportunities posed by new technologies.
Representatives from Uruguay and Honduras highlighted progress and challenges in addressing enforced disappearances. The EU, Poland, and the USA expressed concerns about disappearances in various contexts, including Russia's non-cooperation. Additionally, civil society organizations raised concerns about widespread enforced disappearances, urging states to ratify relevant conventions urgently.
In conclusion, the Working Group expressed solidarity with affected families and stressed the need to prevent reprisals. It condemned attempts to justify enforced disappearances and called for accountability. Recommendations emphasized international cooperation, accountability, and ratification of relevant conventions.
Background
The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances was established in 1980 pursuant to resolution 20 (XXXVI) of the Commission on Human Rights. The Working Group was established first and foremost to support families in search of their reportedly disappeared family members as a liaison between these family members, Governments, and other relevant stakeholders. In light of this, the Group informs the Government of new cases of enforced disappearance and requests and holds the Government accountable for investigations related to said cases. In addition to this active role, the Group has a preventative function in aiding States in their realisation of the Declaration of the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance (General Assembly resolution 47/133), as per Human Rights Council resolution 7/12, through country visits and advisory services.
The Group is comprised of five representative and independent experts who, as part of their mandate, meet three times a year in Geneva and regularly work together to create reports and opinions on the issue of enforced or involuntary disappearances. As of the date of publication, the Group is composed of Ms. Ana Lorena Delgadillo Perez (Mexico), Ms. Graźyna Baranowska (Poland), Ms. Gabriella Citroni (Italy), Ms. Angkhana Neelapaijit (Thailand) and led by Chairperson Ms. Aua Balde (Guinea-Bissau). The Human Rights Council recently extended the Working Group’s mandate in its resolution 45/3.
Report of the Working Group
The latest report, A/HRC/54/22, covers the Working Group’s communications, cases, and key conclusions regarding the thematic study of the interplay between new technologies and enforced disappearances from the 13th of May 2022 to the 12th of May 2023. Since 1980, it has conveyed 60,703 cases in 112 States, with 47,774 active cases in 97 States. During the above reporting period, 80 cases were clarified. In September 2019, it was announced that the Working Group would additionally be following and assisting with violations equal to enforced disappearances committed by non-state actors. Regarding this, the Group has communicated 72 cases to six non-state actors: the de facto authorities of Sana’a (45), Hamas (6), the Libyan National Army (7), the Restoration Council of Shan State (3), the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (8), and the Taliban in Afghanistan (3). Currently, 4 cases have been clarified, closed or discontinued, with three related to the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic clarified by the Government of Ukraine and one related to the Libyan National Army clarified by the source.
During the reporting period, the Working Group held three sessions: the 128th in September 2022, the 129th in February 2023, and the 130th in May 2023. Luciano Hazan presented the annual report from May 2021 to May 2022 during the 128th session. Aua Baldé was appointed Chair-Rapporteur, and Gabriella Citroni became Vice-Chair. In May 2023, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Pérez joined as a new member. The thematic focus for 2023 is new technologies and enforced disappearances, with a report based on inputs from various sources. In February 2023, sessions resumed outside Geneva in Chile, and the Working Group adopted a joint statement on illegal intercountry adoptions. They also engaged in various activities related to enforced disappearances, expressed gratitude for support, and had meetings with government representatives. The Working Group addressed global cases during the reporting period, transmitting 1,103 new cases to 28 countries. They swiftly intervened in Mexico, collaborating with other mandate holders, and sent letters addressing issues such as bills and laws. They expressed gratitude to Bolivia for additional information. Visits to Uruguay and Honduras were conducted, and requests for visits to other countries were reiterated. Follow-up reports and technical cooperation activities were undertaken.
The Working Group engaged in several technical cooperation and observation activities, including accepting a formal request from Chile for designing a national plan for the search for victims of enforced disappearance. They assumed the role of an observer in a commission in Mexico and conducted online training sessions with government representatives from Thailand, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Egypt in September 2022, April 2023, and May 2023. Regarding visits, the Working Group expressed regret over the Government of Kenya not confirming proposed visit dates for July 2023 and urged them to finalize the dates. They sought a visit to Angola and reiterated requests for visits to Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and the Philippines. They are optimistic about positive responses soon, noting Algeria's intention to invite them for a visit in the second half of 2024. The Working Group extended invitations to states that received visit requests, emphasizing the importance of cooperation.
New Technologies and Enforced Disappearance
In a thematic study submitted in response to Human Rights Council resolution 45/3, the Working Group delves into the impact of new technologies in the context of enforced disappearances. The study has a threefold focus: (a) analysing how new technologies are employed against the relatives of disappeared persons, their representatives, and human rights defenders; (b) exploring the effective application of these technologies to facilitate the search for disappeared individuals; and (c) investigating how these technologies can be harnessed to acquire and secure evidence related to enforced disappearances.
The study broadly defines "new technologies", encompassing technological innovations developed primarily over the past two decades. This includes hardware and software information and communications technologies, such as satellite imagery, geographic information science, remote sensing, digital social networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning, digital forensic data, and biodata.
The Working Group sources concrete examples from cases they've received, which are either unresolved or clarified, included in their reports, or from other United Nations agencies and international organisations' public reports. Information was also gathered through experts' input during meetings held at the Working Group's 126th and 127th sessions and a call for inputs in October 2022. The study is supplemented by annexes. The study emphasises that new technologies, especially information and communications technologies, are often used to either facilitate or conceal enforced disappearances. These technologies hinder the work of human rights defenders and the relatives of the disappeared, often through methods such as Internet shutdowns, spyware programs, surveillance (including facial recognition), cyberattacks, and technology-related legislation used to suppress dissent.
On the other hand, new technologies offer cost-effective solutions in the search for disappeared individuals, documenting the crime and promoting accountability. The study underscores that while new technologies can facilitate processes in this domain, they should not be solely relied upon, and expectations should be realistic. Traditional approaches and techniques for documentation, monitoring, and reporting remain crucial and cannot be entirely replaced by digital tools and new technologies. The study underscores the importance of cooperation among various stakeholders, including States, corporations, civil society organisations, national human rights institutions, academic institutions, and donors. Enhanced coordination and cooperation are encouraged to identify risks related to new technologies and enforced disappearances, develop mitigation strategies, overcome obstacles, and provide support to those directly affected, including human rights defenders and the relatives of the disappeared. There is a collective responsibility to ensure that new technologies are developed and used ethically and responsibly in accordance with a human rights framework.
Consequently, the Working Group puts forth several recommendations to States, corporations, civil society organisations, national human rights institutions, academic institutions, donors, international courts, other human rights mechanisms, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Working Group commits to ongoing monitoring of the interaction between new technologies and enforced disappearances and will consistently include remarks and recommendations on this topic in their various activities, including communications, urgent appeals, allegations, referrals, prompt intervention letters, country visits, and awareness-raising activities. Additionally, they offer assistance to States on this subject through cooperation and advisory services.
Enforced Disappearances and Elections
The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) announced its intention to conduct a thematic study on the issue of enforced disappearances and elections during its 128th session. Historically, enforced disappearances have been a tool used by authoritarian regimes to suppress political dissent and opposition. However, more recent trends suggest that this phenomenon extends beyond authoritarian settings and can occur in democratic contexts during elections, before, during, and after them. It can also be related to the restriction of individuals' rights to participate in civil and political life, such as during mass protests and demonstrations associated with changes in government. Elections and the electoral cycle have often been sources of political turmoil and instability, leading to human rights violations, including enforced disappearances. Understanding the links between the electoral cycle and enforced disappearances is crucial for addressing and preventing such human rights abuses. Reports of enforced disappearances, even if of short duration, tend to increase before, during, and after elections, despite States' obligations under the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance to prevent and eradicate such disappearances.
The Working Group has documented numerous cases of enforced disappearances occurring in the context of elections over the years. However, there hasn't been a systematic and comprehensive study on the intersection between elections and enforced disappearances. Many of the registered cases involve individuals active in politics (or perceived as such), and their disappearances aim not only to deter their political participation but also to have a collective impact on the elections.
In the thematic study, the Working Group intends to explore the relationship between elections and enforced disappearances to identify tools for more effective responses through preventive measures and mechanisms for accountability. The study aims to analyze this phenomenon by examining the nature and specifics of enforced disappearances in the context of elections, identifying patterns of violence, understanding the timing, the profiles of the perpetrators and victims, and the broader societal implications, both within and beyond the electoral process. It also intends to identify the main challenges to accountability and discuss the need for early warning mechanisms. The study will conclude with recommendations to prevent and address enforced disappearances in the context of elections.
To conduct this study, the Working Group has engaged with experts from the United Nations during its 130th session in May 2023. It plans to host an external consultation meeting during its 131st session in September 2023, followed by a call for written inputs from various stakeholders later in 2023. The thematic study is expected to be published in September 2024.
Country Observations during the Reporting Period
The Working Group expressed concern about non-cooperation from certain countries, emphasizing the importance of engagement for effective country visits. Positive developments were noted, including Cabo Verde, Finland, and the Republic of Korea joining the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
Algeria
Concerns were raised about limited progress in investigating disappearances during the 1990s conflict. Algeria was urged to fulfil its obligations, protect relatives of disappeared persons, and respond to pending visit requests.
Bangladesh
Improved engagement was acknowledged, but concerns were expressed about harassment. A response to a visit request made in 2013 was awaited.
Belarus
Allegations of involvement in enforced disappearances during transnational transfers were noted, with no response to a visit request made in 2011.
China
Concerns were reiterated about human rights violations, especially in Xinjiang, and lack of cooperation. A response to a visit request made in 2013 was awaited.
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Concerns were expressed over non-substantive replies, and responses to a visit request made in 2015 were awaited.
Egypt
Technical training was acknowledged, but concerns about frequent disappearances were expressed. Hopes for a country visit following the training were noted.
Iran
Ongoing concerns were noted about disappeared persons from the 1980s and recent human rights violations. A response to a visit invitation extended in 2002 was awaited.
Libya
Deep concern was expressed about widespread enforced disappearances, highlighted in a report. The intention to visit when conditions permit was noted.
Mexico
Concerns were reiterated about attacks on relatives of disappeared persons and enforced disappearances of migrants.
Nicaragua
Concerns were expressed about detainees being held incommunicado and rising disappearances, with no response to a visit request made in 2006.
Pakistan
Concerns were raised about recurring enforced disappearances, a lack of response to communications, and conflicting legislation. The readiness to provide assistance was reiterated, and hopes for a visit invitation were expressed.
Russia
Deep concern was expressed about numerous reports of enforced disappearances in Ukraine, a lack of engagement with Russia, and a pending visit request since 2006.
Saudi Arabia
Concerns were expressed about reported cases of enforced disappearances during the reporting period.
Sudan
Grave concern was expressed about the perpetuation of enforced disappearances, highlighting a lack of accountability and ongoing conflicts. A visit has been pending since 2005.
Syrian Arab Republic
Ongoing concern was expressed for victims of enforced disappearances, disappointment in the lack of effective search efforts by Syrian authorities. A visit request made in 2011 remains unanswered.
Yemen
Concern was expressed over allegations of enforced disappearances involving the Yemeni government and de facto authorities, especially during the armed conflict since 2015. Calls for transparent investigations and ceasing disappearances were made.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The Working Group expresses solidarity and admiration for the families of disappeared persons, human rights defenders, and organisations supporting them. It highlighted the challenges they face in hostile and dangerous environments while advocating for truth, justice, reparations, memory, and non-repetition. The Working Group remains concerned about deteriorated security and political situations in various countries, which facilitate enforced disappearances, and emphasises the need to prevent acts of intimidation and reprisal against families, human rights defenders, and media workers. It condemns attempts to justify enforced disappearances under the guise of counterterrorism or organised crime operations, emphasising the absolute prohibition of such practices. The Group called for an end to impunity and the need for effective investigations to prevent the recurrence of this crime. It acknowledged the positive impact of prompt responses from some member states in clarifying cases. The Working Group also discussed the importance of country visits, acknowledging support from some governments and urging others to agree to visits. It called for follow-up to findings from commissions of inquiry related to enforced disappearances and encouraged States to implement recommendations from a report on new technologies and enforced disappearances. The Group emphasises the importance of international cooperation, accountability, and ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
Interactive Dialogue
On 19 September 2023, the Interactive Dialogue was opened by the President of the Working Group and Special Rapporteur on Enforced Disappearances, Ms. Aua Balde. She celebrated that the Working Group is composed entirely of women for the first time in the Group’s history, a particularly salient achievement considering that the first woman was appointed in 2010, 30 years after the formation of the Group, and the first woman chair in 2015. Ms. Balde reiterated the Group’s stance that women play a fundamental role in securing and advancing the rights of disappeared persons and the need to see such issues from a gendered perspective. She reminded that this Working Group is the oldest thematic mandate, and 40 years later, we still hear explicit and implicit justification for its use, especially in combating counterterrorism or organised crime.
The Annual Report discussed at the session introduced the transmission of 1103 new cases of enforced disappearances, including 791 transmitted under the Group’s urgent action procedure. The majority of the cases concerned the enforced disappearances of civilians and prisoners of war by the Russian Armed Forces in the context of the War in Ukraine. Ms Balde noted that “although these numbers are high, they represent only a fraction of the reality”. For this reason, the Working Group must stay vigilant and active, especially as the issue of enforced disappearances has rapidly changed and developed over the years. Hence, two years ago, the Group decided to conduct a thematic study on the impacts of new technologies on enforced disappearances, which was presented in this Interactive Dialogue as an addendum to the Annual Report. This addendum illustrated the dangers new technologies simultaneously pose challenges to the work of human rights defenders and civil society organisations, as well as assist with the search of disappeared persons.
She thanked the governments of Honduras and Uruguay for their cooperation during the Group’s country visits. The Group noted that since the restoration of democracy in 1985, Honduras has ratified all UN Human Rights treaties to date, making significant progress. However, she stated that the search and justice processes in Honduras are often met with serious institutional blockages and delays thus, the Group is concerned to note that numerous have died without obtaining justice for their loved ones. The Group acknowledged the Honduran authorities' efforts but reminded Honduras that citizens are losing faith in the system and must work towards institutional integrity to provide truth and justice.
Ms. Balde then turned to the pressing issue of various countries’ non-compliance with helping the Group conduct its country visits, an integral part of their mandate. Some countries make commitments that they do not follow through, while others do not respond to the Working Group’s requests for a visit. However, Ms. Balde thanks the Governments of Chile for Portugal for hosting the Group’s annual out-of-Geneva meeting. She called upon all States to ratify or accede to the International Convention and to recognise the competence of the Group to receive and examine the issue of enforced disappearances. Ms. Balde ended by extending her support to all those individuals who are working towards supporting those impacted by enforced disappearances despite the often dangerous consequences attached to this kind of work.
Countries Concerned
The Representative of Uruguay thanked the Working Group for their visit in July 2022 and reiterated their firm commitment to the right of truth, justice, memory, reparation, and guarantees of non-repetition despite the potential difficulties enforcing this may imply. The Representative cited the criminalisation of enforced disappearance and the creation of a Specialized Prosecutor for Crimes against Humanity with the necessary infrastructure as examples of the progress Uruguay has made despite its limited resources as a developing country. The Representative further pointed to the social consensus regarding the condemnation of human rights violations and affirmed Uruguay’s agreement with the general position of families of victims. She concluded by cementing Uruguay’s commitment to immediacy when confronted with cases of enforced disappearances and stated that the country will reflect on the recommendations made by the Working Group in the Report.
The Representative of Honduras underscored their alignment with international standards of human rights with their standing invitation to all special procedures. He particularly highlighted Honduras’ achievement in successfully emerging from its instability of coup d’etats and corporate seizures as a democratic and sovereign nation. Seeing this, the recovery of the dignity of victims from this violent past was a priority for the government and drove its collaboration with the Working Group. This Annual Report thus presented a valuable opportunity for the Government of Honduras to realise its goal. The Delegate acknowledged that in the case of impunity, as President Balde had highlighted, investigations in Honduras may not have always met human rights standards. He thus pointed to the election of the Attorney General as a key step forward for the country. He noted that the Government’s participatory and collaborative approach with victims and victim organisations is an unprecedented step forward in the history of Honduras. The Draft Bill for Searching and Protecting Disappeared Persons, collaboration with Mexico for the finding of disappeared women, and the opening of the first National Museum of Memory were cited by the Delegate as examples of Honduras’ dedication to the issue. Moving forward, Honduras will be working with various stakeholders on the recommendations provided by the Working Group to safeguard the safety and security of all individuals.
The Delegate of the European Union appreciated the Working Group’s tireless efforts in supporting victims and their families, as well as their Report on the impacts of technology on enforced disappearances. The EU expressed concern about the rise of disappearances of journalists and human rights activists as a vagrant violation of the freedom of expression and reminded the Committee that no circumstances such as threat, state of war, internal stability, or combatting terrorism justify such a breach of human rights. The Representative thus called upon all States to cooperate with the Group, allow for visits, and work to implement the Group’s recommendations to provide justice to those affected by enforced disappearances.
The Representative of Poland, on behalf of the Lublin Triangle countries Lithuania, Ukraine, and Poland, expressed concern about the rise of arrests, detention, and abduction as well as the harassment, ill-treatment, and intimidation of witnesses and relatives. The Delegate specifically condemned Russia’s non-cooperation with the Working Group and its role in the enforced disappearances of civilians and prisoners of war in Ukraine since 2014. In addition, he highlighted the role Belarussian authorities have played in supporting the transfer of Ukrainian civilians and prisoners of war captured by Russia.
The Representative of the United States of America began by drawing attention to the reports of enforced disappearance in China against human rights defenders and religious and ethnic minorities. The Delegate argued that China engages in “transnational repression” that goes beyond its jurisdiction to forcibly disappear individuals or coerce States to return individuals to China, where they are then disappeared. Furthermore, the Representative expressed concern towards the 111,000 mission persons in Mexico but recognized the Mexican authorities’ efforts in countering this through legislation, the establishment of a national forensic data collection bank, and the creation of a national search commission.
The Representative of China cited the Chinese Constitution and law wherein all citizens’ personal freedoms are protected and thus strongly rejected the USA’s allegations. The Delegate reiterated the Report’s emphasis on economic, social, and cultural rights as foundational in preventing enforced disappearances and called upon States to focus on these rights as a preventative strategy against the issue. He reminded the Committee of China’s high rate of response and cooperation and expressed disappointment with the Group’s use of “false information”. He called upon the Group to conduct its work impartially and “do something real” to protect human rights.
The Delegate of Armenia cemented the absolute nature of the criminality of enforced disappearance and noted Azerbaijan’s non-cooperation with regard to the identification of Armenian mass graves. She expressed hope for the potential of new technologies in assisting with identifying the faith and whereabouts of the hundreds of missing Armenians of the 2020 War of Nagorno-Karabakh, many of whom were last filmed in Azerbaijani custody. The Representative stated that the repeated captivity of civilians by Azerbaijan can qualify as enforced disappearance and must be treated with the utmost seriousness. She thus appreciated the Group’s decision to assess enforced disappearances due to elections as she claimed it was often used as a tool to oppose political expression by authoritarian regimes.
The Representative of Iran reaffirmed that under Iranian law, enforced disappearances are strictly prohibited and are met with severe legal consequences. The Delegate rejected the Group’s concerns with Iran in the Report as “baseless” and originating from “unreliable sources”. He cited that Iran “diligently responded to most” communications from the Group and expressed disappointment in the fact that human rights institutions aim to pressure states. Therefore, he urged the Group to ensure that misinformation and politically motivated accusations are not disseminated, especially with regard to the treatment of religious and ethnic minorities in Iran.
Civil Society Organizations raised concerns around the widespread use of enforced disappearances of human rights defenders and lawyers in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Syria, China, and Iran, as well as the systemic enforced disappearances born out of the global war on drugs in Mexico and the Philippines. NGOs also expressed the systemic impacts of the gendered impacts of enforced disappearances during times of conflict, as in Ukraine. Since only 72 countries have ratified the relevant treaty, many NGOs urged States to ratify the Convention for the Protection of All Persons urgently.
Concluding Remarks
President Ms. Balde ended the session by extending gratitude to all States who extended support to the Group and their mandate and expressed hope for the States that endeavoured to ratify the International Convention and pass domestic legislation against enforced disappearances. She also clarified that the Working Group on Enforced Disappearances regularly works with other thematic areas, such as Summary Execution, to deliver holistic justice. To conclude, Ms. Balde assured the Council that the Working Group operates objectively and in alignment with their humanitarian mandate, methods of work, and in good faith. She repudiated that certain States chose to accuse the Group of partiality as opposed to cooperating with the Group’s mission. She expressed gratitude for their crucial work and presence in response to the civil society organisations.
Geneva International Centre for Justice
The Geneva International Centre for Justice (GICJ) supports and advocates for robust international cooperation as an essential response to combat the egregious violation of human rights through enforced disappearances. It is with deep concern that we observe the deteriorating political conditions that, regrettably, create fertile ground for the perpetuation of enforced disappearances, specifically targeting human rights defenders, journalists, and media workers. GICJ condemns this flagrant assault on human rights and press freedom, recognising that the relentless wave of enforced disappearances not only silences those who dare to speak truth to power but also shatters the lives of their loved ones. This systematic abuse of power erodes the very foundations of a just and democratic society.
In line with our commitment to defending the rights of victims and their families, GICJ strongly urges all states to take concrete steps towards ratifying or acceding to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. This critical international instrument provides a framework for establishing truth, delivering justice, offering reparation, and preserving the memory of those affected by enforced disappearances.
Furthermore, GICJ, in collaboration with the Association Ma’onah for Human Rights and Immigration, jointly issued a resounding statement aimed at drawing global attention to Iraq's troubling non-cooperation with the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. This non-compliance obstructs the vital process of clarifying cases of enforced disappearances and significantly hinders the financial support desperately needed by the families of victims. It is imperative for Iraq to rectify this situation by actively engaging in the process of investigation and providing support to these afflicted families. Moreover, GICJ and the Association Ma’onah called upon Iraq to unequivocally outlaw enforced disappearances within its borders and cease any actions that threaten civil society organisations dedicated to supporting the victims. We stress that these organisations play a pivotal role in offering solace and assistance to those who have endured the anguish of enforced disappearances.
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